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| combatant2 = Dominion of Pakistan 22px Tribal militias 22px Furqan Force''〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.thepersecution.org/50years/kashmir.html#2a )〕 | commander1 = 22px Hari Singh | commander2 = | strength1 = | strength2 = | casualties1 = 1,500 killed〔"An incredible war: Indian Air Force in Kashmir war, 1947-48", by Bharat Kumar, Centre for Air Power Studies (New Delhi, India)〕〔By B. Chakravorty, "Stories of Heroism, Volume 1", p. 5〕〔By Sanjay Badri-Maharaj "The Armageddon Factor: Nuclear Weapons in the India-Pakistan Context", p. 18〕 3,500 wounded〔(With Honour & Glory: Wars fought by India 1947-1999 ), Lancer publishers〕 | casualties2 = 6,000 killed〔〔(Indian military hysteria since 1947 - thenews.com.pk )〕〔(India's Armed Forces: Fifty Years of War and Peace ), p. 160〕 ~14,000 wounded〔 | campaignbox = }} The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948, sometimes known as the First Kashmir War, was fought between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of four Indo-Pakistan Wars fought between the two newly independent nations. Pakistan precipitated the war a few weeks after independence by launching tribal ''lashkar'' (militia) from Waziristan,〔(Pakistan Covert Operations )〕 in an effort to secure Kashmir, the future of which hung in the balance. The inconclusive result of the war still affects the geopolitics of both countries. On 22 October 1947, Muslim tribal militias crossed the border of the state, claiming that they were needed to suppress a rebellion in the southeast of the kingdom.〔 These local tribal militias and irregular Pakistani forces moved to take Srinagar, but on reaching Uri they encountered resistance. Hari Singh made a plea to India for assistance, and help was offered, but it was subject to his signing an Instrument of Accession to India.〔 British officers in the sub-continent also took part in stopping the Pakistani Army from advancing. The war was initially fought by the J&K State Forces led by Major-General Scott〔Victoria Schofield(2003), ''Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War''〕 and by tribal militias from the North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas.〔(Kashmir ) in ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2011), online edition〕 Facing the assault and a Muslim revolution in the western borders of the state,〔〔Lamb, Alastair (1997), ''Incomplete partition: the genesis of the Kashmir dispute 1947–1948'', Roxford, ISBN=0-907129-08-0〕 the ruler of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, who was a Hindu, signed an Instrument of Accession to the Union of India. The Indian and Pakistani armies entered the war after this.〔 The fronts solidified gradually along what came to be known as the Line of Control. A formal cease-fire was declared at 23:59 on the night of 1 January 1949. ==Background== Prior to 1815, the area now known as "Jammu and Kashmir" comprised 22 small independent states (16 Hindu and six Muslim) carved out of territories controlled by the Amir (King) of Afghanistan, combined with those of local small rulers. These were collectively referred to as the "Punjab Hill States". These small states, ruled by Rajput kings, were variously independent, vassals of the Mughal Empire since the time of Emperor Akbar or sometimes controlled from Kangra state in the Himachal area. Following the decline of the Mughals, turbulence in Kangra and invasions of Gorkhas, the hill states fell successively under the control of the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh. The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46) was fought between the Sikh Empire, which asserted sovereignty over Kashmir, and the East India Company. In the Treaty of Lahore of 1846, the Sikhs were made to surrender the valuable region (the Jullundur Doab) between the Beas River and the Sutlej River and required to pay an indemnity of 1.2 million rupees. Because they could not readily raise this sum, the East India Company allowed the Dogra ruler Gulab Singh to acquire Kashmir from the Sikh kingdom in exchange for making a payment of 750,000 rupees to the Company. Gulab Singh became the first Maharaja of the newly formed princely state of Jammu and Kashmir,〔(Srinagar ) www.collectbritain.co.uk.〕 founding a dynasty, that was to rule the state, the second-largest principality during the British Raj, until India gained its independence in 1947. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Indo-Pakistani War of 1947」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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